Cookies on CSA Group

We use Cookies to create a secure and effective website experience for our customers. For more information about Cookies and how you can disable Cookies, visit our privacy policy page. Learn More

logo close
Privacy Preference Centre

Please manage your cookie choices by switching the consent toggles on or off under the Purposes below.

You may change your preference at any time as described in our Cookie Policy

  • Cookie Settings
  • List of Cookies
close
    Skip to content
    CSA Store
    • CSA Group
    • CSA OnDemand™
    • CSA Communities
    • Contact Us
    • Catalogue
      • Browse By Subject Area

        • Electrical
        • Fuels & Transportation
        • Petroleum & Natural Gas
        • Environment & Natural Resources
        • Construction & Infrastructure
        • Mechanical & Industrial Equipment
        • Nuclear
        • Health Care and Well-being
        • Worker & Public Safety
        • Management Systems
      • Browse By Publisher

        • ASME
        • ASTM
        • CSA Group
        • ESA
        • IEC
        • ISO
        • NRC
        • ORNAC
        • TSSA
      • ICS Catalogue

        • Browse by International Classification of Standards (ICS Codes)
    • Subscription
      • Browse By Subject Area

        • Electrical
        • Fuels & Transportation
        • Petroleum & Natural Gas
        • Environment & Natural Resources
        • Construction & Infrastructure
        • Mechanical & Industrial Equipment
        • Nuclear
        • Health Care and Well-being
        • Worker & Public Safety
        • Management Systems
      • CSA Subscriptions

        • Why choose subscriptions?
        • About CSA Advantage™
        • About CSA OnDemand™
        • CSA OnDemand™ Collections
      • ICS Catalogue

        • Browse by International Classification of Standards (ICS Codes)
    • Services
    Cart Icon0
    ×
    Login / Register
    English / CAD

    Language

    en

    fr

    Currency

    CAD

    USD

    • CSA Group
    • CSA OnDemand™
    • CSA Communities
    • Contact Us
    Wishlist

    Catalogue

    • Browse By Subject Area

      • Electrical
      • Fuels & Transportation
      • Petroleum & Natural Gas
      • Environment & Natural Resources
      • Construction & Infrastructure
      • Mechanical & Industrial Equipment
      • Nuclear
      • Health Care and Well-being
      • Worker & Public Safety
      • Management Systems
    • Browse By Publisher

      • ASME
      • ASTM
      • CSA Group
      • ESA
      • IEC
      • ISO
      • NRC
      • ORNAC
      • TSSA
    • ICS Catalogue

      • Browse by International Classification of Standards (ICS Codes)

    Subscription

    • Browse By Subject Area

      • Electrical
      • Fuels & Transportation
      • Petroleum & Natural Gas
      • Environment & Natural Resources
      • Construction & Infrastructure
      • Mechanical & Industrial Equipment
      • Nuclear
      • Health Care and Well-being
      • Worker & Public Safety
      • Management Systems
    • CSA Subscriptions

      • Why choose subscriptions?
      • About CSA Advantage™
      • About CSA OnDemand™
      • CSA OnDemand™ Collections
    • ICS Catalogue

      • Browse by International Classification of Standards (ICS Codes)

    Services

    Menu toggle Icon
    Login / Register
    English / CAD

    Language

    en

    fr

    Currency

    CAD

    USD

    Wishlist Cart (
    )

    Search Section

      • Home
      • CSA Group
      • Nuclear
      • Nuclear
      • CSA N288.1:20

      Codes & Standards - Purchase

      CSA N288.1:20

      Guidelines for modelling radionuclide environmental transport, fate, and exposure associated with the normal operation of nuclear facilities

      SKU: 2427651 Published by CSA Group Publication Year 2020 478 pages

      View Access for this document is only available for viewers in Canada

      Product Details

      • Preface/Scope
      • Editions
      • Updates

      Preface


      This is the fourth edition of CSA N288.1, Guidelines for modelling radionuclide environmental transport, fate and exposure associated with the normal operation of nuclear facilities. It supersedes the previous editions published in 2014, 2008, and 1987 under the title, Guidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material in airborne and liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilities.


      Major changes to this edition include


      a) updated the structure of these Guidelines for increased consistency within the CSA N288 series;


      b) removed administrative language from the Guidelines;


      c) provided additional clarification in areas identified by users;


      d) identified stable carbon data for aquatic plants and invertebrates;


      e) improved consistency of language throughout the Guidelines; and


      f) updated the guidance on transfer factors.


      The COG background document (Hart, 2013) was revised in concert with the fourth edition; the updated version is referred to hereafter as the COG Derived Release Limits Guidance or CDG (Hart, 2019).


      Users of these Guidelines are reminded that the site selection, design, manufacture, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities in Canada are subject to the Nuclear Safety and Control Act and its Regulations.


      The CSA N-Series Standards provide an interlinked set of requirements for the management of nuclear facilities and activities. CSA N286 provides overall direction to management to develop and implement sound management practices and controls, while the other CSA Group nuclear Standards provide technical requirements and guidance that support the management system. These Guidelines work in harmony with CSA N286 and do not duplicate the generic requirements of CSA N286; however, they may provide more specific direction for those requirements.


      Scope


      1.1 Facilities


      These Guidelines and the CDG are intended to apply to CANDU nuclear power stations in Canada. However, the radionuclides and environmental pathways addressed make these Guidelines applicable to releases from many other nuclear facilities, including research reactors, radioisotope processing facilities, waste processing facilities such as incinerators, and power reactors other than those of CANDU design, subject to the limitations detailed in Clauses 1.2 to 1.8. Application to other types of facilities such as fuel fabrication plants and refineries is limited by the radionuclides considered here (see Clause 4.3). These Guidelines may be adapted to cover part of the needs of such facilities, but additional models or methodologies might be necessary for other parts. However, neither the radionuclides nor the models included in these Guidelines are complete enough to cover releases from sources such as uranium mines and mills, or permanent geologic disposal facilities. In addition, the pathways are incomplete for any facilities where extensive modelling of groundwater pathways is required.


      1.2 Release paths


      These Guidelines cover releases to the atmosphere and to surface water (both fresh and marine). They do not address releases to groundwater, although transfers from other media to groundwater wells and ponds are considered. Direct gamma irradiation from radioactivity inside the facility is not modelled because it does not involve a release.


      1.3 Release duration


      The methods specified in these Guidelines are designed for routine, continuous, low-level emissions.


      They also apply to periodic, short-term releases (see Clause 8.2), provided that


      a) the releases are controlled and associated with normal operations;


      b) the release rate is roughly the same from event to event;


      c) for atmospheric releases, the total release duration exceeds approximately 1000 h in the year; for aquatic releases, at least one or two releases occur in each month of the year; and


      d) the releases occur randomly over time.


      Where the requirement of Item d) is not met but the releases are known to occur at a particular time of day or year, these Guidelines apply only if the air (water) concentrations are calculated using the meteorological (hydrological) data in effect for that time.


      Notes:


      1) Where non-random releases are calculated using time-appropriate data, it might be possible to relax the conditions on the release frequencies.


      2) Releases that do not meet these conditions can use another model, such as that specified in CSA N288.2 for atmospheric releases.


      3) For some facilities, intermittent releases occur predictably as spikes on a continuous base release. Such releases can be considered part of routine emissions and included in the DRL without special treatment if the total activity released in intermittent form is less than approximately 30% of the total release from the facility. The 30% cut-off is considered a small fraction of the overall uncertainty of the DRL estimates.


      1.4 Contaminants


      These Guidelines apply to the radiation effects of radionuclides. They do not apply to chemicals or to the chemical toxicity of radionuclides.


      1.5 Receptors


      The model can be used to calculate doses or derive release limits for a representative person having the average characteristics of a group of individuals who, by reason of their location and habits, are likely to receive the highest exposures to a given radionuclide released from a particular source (see Clause 4.2). These Guidelines do not apply to nuclear energy workers (NEWs), or to non-NEWs working at a nuclear facility, who are assumed to be covered by on-site radiation protection programs. The DRLs calculated using the models specified in these Guidelines apply to human receptors only; however, the models can be used to support dose calculations for non-human biota.


      1.6 Downwind distance of validity


      These Guidelines are not applicable to receptors located close to a source affected by building-induced turbulence because the atmospheric dispersion model does not simulate the cavity that forms in the lee of the building. Because the cavity extends approximately three building heights downwind, these Guidelines apply only beyond this distance. Moreover, the dispersion model should be used with caution beyond an approximate distance of 20 km from the facility because the assumption of steady-state meteorological conditions implicit in the model becomes less valid at greater distances. This is not an issue in practice because the representative person is usually found closer to the facility than 20 km.


      1.7 Site specificity


      Local parameter values should be used wherever possible when applying models to a specific site. Where local values are not available, the default values given in these Guidelines for the region closest to the site of interest may be used. These regional values represent conditions at the main nuclear sites in Canada (i.e., Pickering/Darlington, Bruce, CRL, G-2, and Point Lepreau) but may be interpreted as default values for the regional areas of southern Ontario, western Ontario, eastern Ontario, Québec, and the Maritimes, respectively. Some items which make sites unique are: topography (e.g., escarpment, river valley, lake effect), proximity to water bodies, prevalent wind patterns, and surface roughness.


      1.8 Level of complexity


      1.8.1 Simpler approaches


      The models specified in these Guidelines are comprehensive and in some cases include considerable detail. This level of complexity might not be warranted for all assessments. Less complex approaches, involving fewer pathways and/or less detail, might be appropriate under some circumstances. Any pathway that can be shown to not contribute significantly to the total dose may be neglected. In these cases, simpler models such as those described by the IAEA Safety Report Series No. 19 may be used, provided that justification for using a simpler approach is provided.


      Note: For example, the following need not be considered:


      a) radionuclides that are not released from the site of interest; and


      b) pathways related to wells that are not used as a source of water by members of the public near the site.


      1.8.2 Default transfer parameters


      A simplified approach is available for application of these Guidelines without implementation of the models. Annex A lists default transfer parameters for each radionuclide for each pathway in the model, together with the assumptions made in calculating the values. If the assumptions hold for the application in question, these default values may be used to obtain estimates of the DRLs without implementing the model itself, as demonstrated in Annex B. This allows all of the models and parameter values in these Guidelines to be accessed in a simple way. Because conservative assumptions were made in calculating the default parameter values, the DRLs calculated using this approach will be more conservative than those obtained by implementing the model.


      The default transfer parameters can also be applied to conduct an initial assessment, combined with a sensitivity analysis, to determine which pathways or radionuclides merit further efforts to reduce model uncertainty through the application of site-specific measurements (see CDG, Appendix J).


      1.9 Terminology


      In these Guidelines, should is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required and may is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the Guidelines.

      items 1 - of 3 result(s)
      View 20 | View 100

      CSA N288.1:14 (R2019)

      Guidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material in airborne and liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilities

      Active
      EnglishFrench

      N288.1-08 (R2013)

      N288.1-08 (R2013) - Guidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material in airborne and liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilities

      Withdrawn

      CAN/CSA-N288.1-M87 (R2008)

      Guidelines for Calculating Derived Release Limits for Radioactive Material in Airborne and Liquid Effluents for Normal Operation of Nuclear Facilities

      Withdrawn

      An update to this product is available.


      To receive notifications when an amendment, new edition or update is available to your standard no matter how you purchased it, please register on the Standards Update Service. After registering, enter the List ID for the relevant standard. The List ID can be found in the “CSA Standards Update” section within the first few pages of the standard you’ve purchased. Once notified, you can then update your standard accordingly.


      PDF Format Purchased from the CSA Store

      If you have purchased or subscribed to a standard from the CSA Store in PDF format, login to your CSA OnDemandTM account to access the updated PDF.


      Paper Format Purchased or Purchased from Reseller

      If you have purchased a paper copy of the standard from the CSA Store or purchased a standard in paper or PDF format from one of our resellers, login to the Standards Update Service to download the updates in PDF format. 


      eBook Format Purchased

      If you have purchased a standard in eBook format, login to the CSA Reader App to download the updated version of the standard. 

      copyright imgRequest Copyright Permissions

      Buy

      Language

      Radio input
      Radio input

      Format

      Radio input
      Radio input
      • Free updates to the latest version
      • Access historical versions
      • Access all supported languages
      Learn More
      • FAQs
      • Contact Us
      • Email Product

      GST REG No R119441681
      QST REG No R1006017360

      Compare Formats

      Determine the subscription format that is right for you.

      Select the subscription format that is right for you. Table with 13 rows and 3 columns, identifies features available and not available for the two different subscription formats - CSA Advantage TM and CSA OnDemand TM
      Features CSA AdvantageTM CSA OnDemandTM
      Offline access CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. Offline access CSA OnDemandTM. feature available. Offline access
      Full-text search CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. Full-text search CSA OnDemandTM. feature available. Full-text search
      Create highlights and personal notes CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. Create highlights and personal notes CSA OnDemandTM. feature available. Create highlights and personal notes
      Newest editions added automatically CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. Newest editions added automatically CSA OnDemandTM. feature available. Newest editions added automatically
      Includes all supported languages and archive versions CSA AdvantageTM. feature not available. Includes all supported languages and archive versions CSA OnDemandTM. feature available. Includes all supported languages and archive versions
      My Files - create customized files by adding multiple clauses, tables or figures from the standard into your own personal File for quick reference CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. My Files - create customized files by adding multiple clauses, tables or figures from the standard into your own personal File for quick reference CSA OnDemandTM. feature not available. My Files - create customized files by adding multiple clauses, tables or figures from the standard into your own personal File for quick reference
      Toggle between your files and the full standard to maintain context CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. Toggle between your files and the full standard to maintain context CSA OnDemandTM. feature not available. Toggle between your files and the full standard to maintain context
      Instantly preview cross referenced material within the book CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. Instantly preview cross referenced material within the book CSA OnDemandTM. feature not available. Instantly preview cross referenced material within the book
      Export personal notes to Excel CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. Export personal notes to Excel CSA OnDemandTM. feature not available. Export personal notes to Excel
      Transfer notes and highlights when updates are available CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. Transfer notes and highlights when updates are available CSA OnDemandTM. feature not available. Transfer notes and highlights when updates are available
      Adobe Reader PDF and browser compatible for iOS and Android CSA AdvantageTM. feature not available. Adobe Reader PDF and browser compatible for iOS and Android CSA OnDemandTM. feature available. Adobe Reader PDF and browser compatible for iOS and Android
      Web, Android, iOS Compatible CSA AdvantageTM. feature available. Web, Android, iOS Compatible CSA OnDemandTM. feature not available. Web, Android, iOS Compatible

      Follow Us On Social Media

      Get Our Newsletter

      Get CSA Newsletter

      • About CSA Store
      • Subscription
      • Services
      • Catalogue
      • FAQ
      • Return Policy
      • FULFILLMENT DETAILS
      • EBOOK SUPPORT
      • Product Updates
      • Contact Us
      • CSA GROUP
      • CSA COMMUNITIES
      • CSA Update Service
      • About CSA Store
      • Subscription
      • Services
      • Catalogue
      • FAQ
      • Return Policy
      • FULFILLMENT DETAILS
      • EBOOK SUPPORT
      • Product Updates
      • Contact Us
      • CSA GROUP
      • CSA COMMUNITIES
      • CSA Update Service

      • General Terms and Conditions
      • Privacy Policy
      • Accessibility
      © 2023 Canadian Standards Association. All rights reserved

      Free Login/Registration Required

      View Access for this document is only available for viewers in Canada.

      A free user account is required to view this document.

      Login or Register